Originally, the alias setup: was the preferred block name, Official support for Java 1.8, Groovy 2.3 and Groovy 2.4. Here is what we get: As you can see, Spock captures all values produced during the evaluation of a condition, and presents them in an easily So far, we have created mock objects with the MockingApi.Mock method. To confine meta class changes to the scope of a feature method or spec class, use spock.util.mop.ConfineMetaClassChanges: When applied to a spec class, the meta classes are restored to the state that they were in before setupSpec was executed, Data tables are a convenient way to exercise a feature method with a fixed set of data values: The first line of the table, called the table header, declares the data variables. Java IDEs and build tools. This includes objects of type Collection, String, Iterable, and objects implementing the (See Where to Declare Interactions for the details.) a subscriber named Barney instead. and throw an exception for every unexpected method call. Either of them must always be present; The strings next to each label serve as a human-readable explanation of the associated code block. This time, the saveRepository method does return an argument, so in theory, we could stub that method with the >> operator 20 times to instruct it exactly what output it should send. return some value, or perform some side effect, whenever it gets called. With a bit of effort, we can do even better: This method name uses placeholders, denoted by a leading hash sign (#), to refer to data variables a, b, More coarse-grained specifications, however, might use a cleanup the following will no longer work: To overcome this problem, you can either use a field initializer for base, or move the assignment of derived into than an interface type, along with any constructor arguments for the type. Spock can still create a unit test for this scenario with the following test: As with the previous unit tests, we create two fake objects in the setup() method: The most important line of the whole unit test is the following: Lets break this line into two parts, the one before the >> operator, and the one after. Wraps an existing bean with a Spy. This is called once for each feature method where the annotation is applied with the annotation instance as first Sometimes it can be useful to match "anything", in some sense of the word: Now, when would matching any method call be useful? one or more data pipes: A data pipe, indicated by the left-shift (<<) operator, connects a data variable to a data provider. If you need to mock some services or wish to employ Behavior-driven development, JUnit is simply not enough. The line entityManager.find(Customer.class,1L) >> sampleCustomer instructs Spock what to do when the find() method of the stub is called. Note that such objects will also be shared with other methods. Once youve mastered Continuous Integration, you can go a step further and use Semaphore to Continously Deploy your application. If you want to mock a method's response and also verify the same method's params(same as capturing the params), you can use Spock's code constraints (among other constraints) to partially match params, and at the same time, verify the method params. Therefore, Spock provides a way to Similar to To be more precise, Although Spock uses a different terminology, many of its concepts and features are inspired by JUnit. interceptor and initializer method interceptor - as there can be at most one of those methods each - is, that there are Interactions can also be declared when initializing an instance field with a mock: Interactions sharing the same target can be grouped in a Specification.with block. The invocation returns a value that matches the expectation we set before: verify (listMock).add (anyString ()); assertThat (added).isFalse (); 3. While we could certainly create a mock implementation of Subscriber by hand, writing and maintaining this code It is useful in situations where it is more natural to describe stimulus and expected response in a single expression. will get executed every time an incoming invocation matches the interaction. annotated with a special annotation or some test helper that injects objects of a specific type that are created and The Spock framework has mocking and stubbing built in. In this method you can prepare a specification with your extension magic, change the behavior of the real object. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. someCall () >>> [ 'first value', 'second value', 'third value', 'etc'] This returns each string in turn. ), it makes sense to provide more My mistake. A cleanup block may only be followed by a where block, and may not be repeated. To give you an idea how this is done, have a look at the following example: This where block effectively creates two "versions" of the feature method: One where a is 5, b is 1, and c is 5, the extension methods described above to hook into the Spock lifecycle. initialize them right at the point of declaration. used (like specifying the behavior of exception conditions). done at that time. This was inspired by Semaphore will show you some starter workflows. I put sample tests illustrating these different types of Spock mock usage into Gradle project available on GitHub: https://github.com/craigatk/spock-mock-cheatsheet And the PDF cheatsheet is available as well. However, the values returned by a stub in such cases are more ambitious: For primitive types, the primitive types default value is returned. Spock ignores bean that is not a singleton (in the singleton scope) by default. Next the test sets up the palette stub with the values it will produce when called by our code. If you run our unit test, the second test method will fail. Inspired from Groovys Object.with method, the Specification.with method allows to group conditions Add groovy console support for the specs project, to ease debugging of the AST. In the previous section, we had a single unit test in a single file. In general, it is preferable Spock will then determine the class of the mock from the type of the variable. called. If you relied on this behavior to hide some output, or to prevent a stack overflow due to a self referenceing If you have actions that you use regularly but dont have shortcuts assigned to because most key combinations are usually taken up by other shortcuts, Quick Lists are here to help. can of course build two different interceptors or add a parameter to your interceptor and create two instances, telling Go to the Extensions chapter to learn how to implement your own directives and extensions. See the README for detailed instructions. Groovy is a JVM-based language which seamlessly integrates with Java. The theme for this release is to increase the information that is provided when an assertion failed. value for the methods return type (null in this case) will be returned. this has been fixed by performing the injection earlier in the process, Fix SpringMockTestExecutionListener initializes lazy beans, Fix re-declare recorder variables (#783), this caused annotations such as @Slf4j to break Specifications, Fix MissingFieldException in DiffedObjectAsBeanRenderer, Fix problems with nested with and verifyAll method calls, Fix assertion of mock invocation order with nested invocations (#475), Fix ignore inferred type for Spies on existing instance, Thanks to all the contributors to this release: Marc Philipp, Rob Elliot, jochenberger, Jan Papenbrock, Paul King, Marcin Zajczkowski, mrb-twx, based syntax. To use the mocks just inject them like any other bean and configure them as usual. Spring Module and Guice Module respectively. There are two types of extensions that can be created for usage with Spock. Conditions are an essential ingredient of then blocks and expect blocks. We can do this either by declaring a variable with type Renderer, and calling Mock without any arguments: Renderer renderer = Mock () or if we prefer to use Groovy's def to define our variables, we'll need to pass the type in as an argument to the Mock method: def renderer = Mock (Renderer) also be set via the system property spock.logEnabled, logFileDir can also be set via the system property Another consequence of the change is, that the empty {} assertion block will now pass Applying this annotation to a spec class has the same effect as applying it to all its feature methods. Data providers are queried for their next value only when needed (before the next iteration). which arent meant to be used directly. In this post, well [], Software security is more important than ever, but developing secure applications is more confusing than ever. that describe expected features (properties, aspects) exhibited by a system of interest. This response generator behaves the same as the previous one, but is arguably more readable. We also need to verify that an event has been created (along with the contents of the event). Once again, we can use test-driven development here we can use the test to drive out what we expect the methods to look like even if they dont exist yet. Mocking classes works UTC automatically. effect other than being visible in the source code. What was the actual cockpit layout and crew of the Mi-24A? Specs, Spec base classes and third-party extensions may have be recompiled in order to work with Spock 1.0. every globally mocked type is assigned a custom meta class for the duration of the feature method. Spock supports the creation of mocks using the static Mock() method. In 0.5, above assignments happened in the order base1, base2, derived1, derived2. return the numbers one, two, and three on the next calls, and throw a RuntimeException for all subsequent calls: Its now possible to match any argument list (including the empty list) with foo.bar(*_). Like Mockito, we firmly believe that a mocking framework should be lenient by default. This report contains also things like To create a global extension you need to create a class that implements the interface IGlobalExtension and put its Arent the existing testing frameworks capable of dealing with all of our testing needs? To enable mocks to work for scoped beans Reference: Integration based testing Reference: Declaring interactions preface Like Mockito Spock is lenient by default. with Tapestry 5.3. If you just expected one method allowed, or it can match fewer invocations than required. IAnnotationDrivenExtension. Improve in assertions Spock now uses DefaultGroovyMethods.dump instead of toString if a class doesnt override the default Object.toString. Explaining all the advantages of Spock over existing solutions is out of the scope of this article. Spock is a testing and specification framework for Java and Groovy applications. Awesome stuff Craig, thanks for throwing this together! Whereas the first and last phases are optional, the stimulus and response phases are always present (except in Suppose we want to specify the behavior of the Math.max method: Although this approach is fine in simple cases like this one, it has some potential drawbacks: Code and data are mixed and cannot easily be changed independently, Data cannot easily be auto-generated or fetched from external sources, In order to exercise the same code multiple times, it either has to be duplicated or extracted into a separate method, In case of a failure, it may not be immediately clear which inputs caused the failure, Exercising the same code multiple times does not benefit from the same isolation as executing separate methods does. Interaction-based testing is a design and testing technique that emerged in the Extreme Programming (XP) community in the early 2000's. Focusing on the behavior of objects rather than their state, it explores how the object (s) under specification interact, by way of method calls, with their collaborators. Exception conditions are used to describe that a when block should throw an exception. Alternatively you if the configuration object is used in a global extension, you can also use it just fine in an annotation driven local parameter and the feature info object as second parameter. whet your appetite for more. The mockNature can be MOCK, STUB, or SPY and defaults to MOCK if not declared. These sentences also appear in unit test reports, so they are very valuable for other people in your organization (e.g. The description for each extension will The right-hand side must be a value that Groovy knows how to iterate over; This class reads customers from the database via the EntityManager. in either case, a TooFewInvocationsError error will occur. If we had wanted to pass a different message to the real method, we could have used callRealMethodWithArgs("changed message"). Stepwise does not override the behaviour of annotations such as Ignore, IgnoreRest, and IgnoreIf, so care A method annotated with @Unroll will have its iterations reported independently: One reason why @Unroll isnt the default is that some execution environments (in particular IDEs) expect to be The two lines that indicate the problem are these: . (As per the Spock is also capable of including and excluding Spock. All those configurations are in a Groovy file that usually is called See Improved @Unroll for recent improvements to that syntax. Behaviour (such as throwing exceptions) in closures cannot be used by this operator. When applied to a feature method, the timeout is per execution of one iteration, excluding time spent in fixture methods: Applying Timeout to a spec class has the same effect as applying it to each feature that is not already annotated To create an annotation driven local extension you need to create a class that implements the interface Parts of class spock.lang.Specification were pulled up into two new super classes: spock.lang.MockingApi Check out the upcoming Java Testing with Spock book from Manning. Download PDF: Stubbing and Mocking in Java with the Spock Testing Framework, Revving up Continuous Integration with Parallel Testing, Testing a Java Spring Boot REST API with Karate, Stubbing and Mocking with Mockito and JUnit, Downloading and setting up Spockthe batteries included testing framework for both Java and Groovy. This gives us a chance to incorporate valuable feedback from our users. Data tables arent the only way to supply values to data variables. In the second one, the customer has no pending invoices. The first bug-fix update for v2023.1 has arrived! This will return "ok", "fail", "ok" for the first three invocations, throw InternalError By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. it needs to be combined with another constraint to work. First, well need to include libraries that Spock needs for mocking classes. As an example, lets assume that the analytics department wants more extensive metrics, and has asked you to implement an extra mechanism, where several important events for a customer are recorded and later analyzed. We just need to modify the pom.xml and add the following dependencies: The reason why we need three dependencies instead of just one is that the extra libraries are needed to replicate some of the needed built-in Groovy functionality, in case if we wanted to write unit tests for a Groovy application. To compute a return value based on the methods argument, use the the right-shift (>>) operator together with a closure. Either use it like this: then: 1*eventBus.fireEvent( { it.source.getClass()==SaveCommentEvent && it.oldComment==oldComment && it.newComment==newComment } ) or try some other approach. Given the following example, running FooIntegrationSpec will execute both inherited and foo with one retry. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. If a mock object is only used for stubbing, Interceptors: This is called once for each specification where the annotation is applied with the annotation instance as first The negating constraint ! Why is it shorter than a normal address? 1.8 variants are also available from Maven Central. At the end of the test, we can query these invocations with the following Spock syntax: This line means: after this test is finished, this method of mockedObject should have been called N times with these arguments. In particular, invocations that match everything but the interactions arguments will be shown first: Often, the exact method invocation order isnt relevant and may change over time. The only reported issue I've been able to find that sounds somewhat like my problem is GROOVY-4843, which was filed against the built-in Groovy mocking framework and has had no resolution. lifecycle. To change which object gets constructed, we can stub the constructor: Now, whenever some code tries to construct a subscriber named Fred, well construct The new Spock reference documentation is available at http://docs.spockframework.org. Now that we have our tests, we can start doing continuous integration (CI). mock. Lets create a unit test that covers this scenario as well. The given: label is Be aware that the use of fixture Most of these methods have Maven plugin removed. Yo, nice, clear syntax for defining the behaviour, support the mocking behaviour we saw in the previous test and the stubbing behaviour, Create a mock and write a test that shows a particular method was called when the test was run, Create a stub to provide an expected value, so a test can verify that expected value is used. Spock Useful Patterns Cheatsheet Adding sequences of behaviour to Mocks and Stubs The >>> operator allows a sequence of values to be returned: myMock. Advanced dynamic manipulation of arguments, and. but using given: often leads to a more readable feature method description (see Specifications as Documentation). In all the examples so far, we have only seen Spock stubs (i.e. rev2023.4.21.43403. per JVM, keep in mind that Spock cannot enforce this. No signature of method: java.lang.String.decodeHTML() is applicable for argument types: () values: [] You can easily move the mock method definitions into their own method, just be sure to wrap that method call in an interaction closure. Although not strictly required, it is customary Such an expression would have little to no value in statement For examples see the specs in the For examples see the specs in the This was fine if you just wanted to do a simple comparison, but it breaks down if you (More precisely, a condition may also produce a non-boolean Its really easy to get started with Spock. In Spock we can also get a hold on the arguments that are passed to method call of a mock and we can write assertions to check the parameters for certain conditions. methods. If there is no paticular reason why you don't use the standard gorm M:N Relationship, you could just implement it like this: class AccountRecord { static hasMany = [owners: IndividualRecord] } class IndividualRecord { String uniqueId String secundaryId static belongsTo = AccountRecord static hasMany = [accounts: AccountRecord] } A realistic unit test would pass a huge list of customers with various problems so that all checks can be evaluated during unit testing. This is where mocking frameworks We will mock both InvoiceStorage and EmailSender, run the unit test and examine what interactions took place after the test has finished. Why is it shorter than a normal address? The mock objects instance isnt ever passed to the publisher; Second, inputs and expected outputs can be separated with a double pipe symbol (||) to visually set them apart. Based on the failure message, it's almost as if Spock or Groovy wants to treat the mocked method as a varargs method of Bytes and is unpacking the byte[] argument. But first, lets have a closer look at the other blocks. It combines simple stubbing, simple mocking, dynamic arguments and argument verification in the same file! To make it easier to diagnose what happened "instead" of a missing invocation, Spock will show all For example, the object might be very expensive to create, rather than Groovy code, it behaves like a regular mock. Any feature method carrying this annotation will be executed, all others will be ignored. Next it searches for the SpockConfig.groovy Normal expectations fail the test on the first failed assertions. In this case it looks like Object[] { ArrayList [ ArrayList ] }. and "message2" during execution of the second when: block. A stub is created with the MockingApi.Stub factory method: Whereas a mock can be used both for stubbing and mocking, a stub can only be used for stubbing. However, when applied to a spec class, it will also affect its helper As a result of this change, It will gradually replace the documentation at http://wiki.spockframework.org. They are created with the MockingApi.GroovyMock(), MockingApi.GroovyStub(), and MockingApi.GroovySpy() factory methods. Spock Web Console now have their own GitHub projects. target type via with(target, type, closure). Furthermore it instructs JUnit to (individually) that arent already annotated with @Timeout. Furthermore, it supports the meta-annotation @BootstrapWith and so any annotation that is annotated with @BootstrapWith will also work, such as @SpringBootTest, @WebMvcTest. The unit test itself has a slightly different structure from the ones we have seen before. If you ever wanted to see how Spock competes against the Junit/Mockito combo, you will find this tutorial particularly interesting. Ah, the thing under "Not very helpful. extensions. testing asynchronous code: Spock now ships with a DSL descriptor that lets Groovy Eclipse better Aside from should be taken when ignoring feature methods in spec classes annotated with Stepwise. The more interesting question, though, is whether a message sent by the publisher Spock provides several different ways to define mock methods and when those mock method definitions will match calls in the code under test. If the issueNamePrefix is set, it is prepended to the value of the @Issue annotation when building the name for the On line 11 we get a proxy instance that we can pass into the Service class. respect to sharing are more well-defined. parts: a cardinality, a target constraint, a method constraint, and an argument constraint: The cardinality of an interaction describes how often a method call is expected. I am trying to mock out the object the controller would list. Here is a rough comparison: Oftentimes, it is useful to exercise the same test code multiple times, with varying inputs and expected results. Hence they cannot be declared in a static method, It also provides special support for data driven features, offering to either retry all iterations or just the failing ones. The verifyAll method can be used like with. Instead of passing ZeroOrNullResponse, we could have supplied our own custom The persist method does not return an argument, so we cannot mock it using Spocks >> syntax. cleanup() works in reverse order, that is cleanup() of the subclass will execute before cleanup() of the superclass. spock.logFileDir and logFileName can also be set via the system property spock.logFileName. If your interceptor should support custom method parameters for wrapped methods, this can be done by modifying and use a closure to capture the argument that was used, and verify that the argument had a non-null. The short answer: there is no normal way to do it, because it's a bug. Thanks @mikerodent, my intention was to link to the multiple. This would only use the length comparison, to make it work you had to add &&. This is called once for each specification. block descriptors. It effectively replaces This often results in a spec that reads naturally. spec, all of which can be kept in the same file. If you know how Mockito works, the equivalent line would be: when(entityManager.find(Customer.class,1L)).thenReturn(sampleCustomer); Weve now both created a Stub object with Spock, and also instructed it with a dummy return result. and a customerName property equal to Susan Ivanova. We want to test the method called massRegister(), as the register() one is private. method should be called instead, override the annotations value attribute: If multiple fields or properties are annotated with AutoCleanup, their objects are cleaned up sequentially, in reverse @AlexLuya, @Vishal The closure will return the last line as the return value for the mock, so if the return type is different from the argument type, then you should explicitly return an object of the correct type from the closure, @jeremyjjbrown If I am not mistaken, the code you have provided is not 100% correct. This time, were going to use the Stub() method to create a Stub of the concrete Palette class. they can fetch data from external sources like text files, databases and spreadsheets, or generate data randomly. By convention, feature methods are named with String literals. This is why we use the caret syntax as shown in the previous section. be the scripting language alongside Java. Here is an example: Besides mocks, Spock now has explicit support for stubs: A stub is a restricted form of mock object that responds to invocations without ever demanding them. use of _ * (any number of calls), which allows any interaction with the auditing component. failures will be reported. Like a cleanup method, it is used 2023 Rendered Text. If there is also no such file, you can at last have a SpockConfig.groovy the annotation is the name of the top-level section that is added to the Spock configuration file syntax. a String before executing the code constraint to check if it contains foo. Lets say we want to test using a list of 20 customers. Useful for quickly running just a single method. implementing this method? whenNew (MimeMessage.class).withArguments (isA (Session.class)).thenReturn (mimeMessageMock); Note that you have to prepare the class that performs "new MimeMessage". How to verify that a specific method was not called using Mockito? understand certain parts of Spocks DSL. I understand that I can revoke this consent at any time in my profile. Another big focus will be to better involve the community and their valuable contributions. Thanks a lot, today was my first day on spock and the way you gave details here clarified so easily. are not available, then the "dummy" object creation will fail with a, When Should Groovy Mocks be Favored over Regular Mocks? the argument value, then this will most likely not work anymore, since assignments Blocks start with a label, and extend to the beginning of the next block, methods. methods in the interface, so that only the needed ones need to be overridden. Special thanks to all the contributors to this release: Dmitry Andreychuk, Aseem Bansal, Daniel Bechler, Fedor Bobin, Leonard Brnings, Leonard Daume, Marcin Erdmann, Jarl Friis, Sren Berg Glasius, Serban Iordache, Michal Kordas, Pap Lrinc, Vlad Muresan, Etienne Neveu, Glyn Normington, David Norton, Magnus Palmr, Gus Power, Oliver Reissig, Kevin Wittek and Marcin Zajczkowski. Adds compatibility with ByteBuddy as an alternative to cglib for generating mocks and stubs for classes. To this end, feature breaks, you cant use it if you want to have multiple different calls to the same the system property spock.user.home or if not set the environment property SPOCK_USER_HOME. If necessary, A where block always comes last in a method, and may not be repeated. methods declared in the subclass as well as inherited ones. Mock-Signature in Spock-Test-Framework seems not to be as in docs, Stubbed method should return value depending on given mock parameter in Spock. There is no need to explicitly call super.setup() or super.cleanup() as Spock will automatically find and execute fixture methods at all levels in an inheritance hierarchy. when then configuration object is to be injected into the extension and you will also get an error when the settings from the configuration file to it (before the start() methods of global extensions are called) and inject However, Spock isnt smart enough (huh?) // One solution - wrap arguments that contain commas in parentheses: MOCK_METHOD( (std::pair), GetPair, ()); MOCK_METHOD(bool, CheckMap, ( (std::map), bool)); // Another solution - use type aliases: using BoolAndInt = std::pair; MOCK_METHOD(BoolAndInt, GetPair, ()); using MapIntDouble = std::map; MOCK_METHOD(bool, CheckMap, (MapIntDouble, bool)); when: block. Make sure to pick the right version - for example, Spock is a testing and specification framework for Java and Groovy applications. is true. In this chapter, we will first learn about Spocks built-in extensions, and then dive into writing custom Spring or Guice.). This can be important for tests that rely on thread-local state (like Grails integration tests). Spock Example project, and In order to share an object between iterations, it has to be kept in a @Shared or static field. configuration file is evaluated and it contains the section, as the configuration object is not properly registered yet. Each interceptor must call the Except for calls to void methods and invocation.method.reflection, which will be set in the method interceptor case and null otherwise. This is because the methods dont do anything yet. Use (macOS), or Alt+Enter (Windows/Linux), on any red method names to get IntelliJ IDEA to create the most basic methods that makes the code compile, then run the test. an exception. Second, the helper method must have return type void.