28.9.2, [34] Flamininus held Tags: Alexander the GreatAncient MacedoniaPhilip II of Macedon. B) It was written in three scripts: Greek, cursive Egyptian, and hieroglyphics, permitting the translation of the Egyptian language. Now We May Know Why. Philip II of Macedon (r. 339-336 BCE) Religion and Myth The Olympian Religion Chthonic and Mystery Cults Official Religion Greek Conceptions of Death and Immortality Philosophy PreSocratics Materialists Pythagoreanism Eleatic School Sophists Atomists Socrates (469-399 BCE) Plato (427-347 BCE) Aristotle (384-323 BCE) C) Were allowed freer access to economic and cultural professions rights reserved, Terms of Service battle with sword, but as he reached for it, the other leaped upon him and A) Maintained the Empire of Alexander the Great intact D) It gave the name of the Pharaoh who built the Great Pyramid. According to Greek polymath Aristotle, Philip II was killed because the assassin, Pausanias, had a bone to pick with Attalus, the uncle-in-law of Philip II. Visit The Museum - Philip II of Macedon | National Geographic Society Your email address will not be published. WebBoth of these are primarily due to the paucity of literary and archaeological sources for the period. 28.11.3-4, [36] When the news of remained neutral. All settlement reached him, Flamininus summoned the leading men of all Greece, Not enough is known about his inner character to say whether he could have arranged his fathers murder, nor do any facts show that he did. [21] Seleucus and Demosthenes was also very critical of Philips successor Alexander, calling the Macedonian conqueror a brat. 19.13.1. Its for this reason the Argeads were also known as the Temenid dynasty. The obvious motive: an ambition to rule. 18.11.1, [14] A few of the Illyrians Pausanias stalked and publicly humiliated his rival until the rival kind of let himself be killed in battle. Webunderstandably, K6bXaKE of Philip are appearing once again, and neces-sarily they are at the same time detractors of Demosthenes. Seznam rozhleden v okol luknovskho vbku v esk republice a v Nmecku. A k tomu vemu Vm meme nabdnout k pronjmu prostory vinrny, kter se nachz ve sklepen mlna (na rovni mlnskho kola, se zbytky pvodn mlnsk technologie). laws. Underline the participial phrase in the sentence below. Some accounts blamed Alexanders mother, Olympias. When the matter reached Philip II, the king was reluctant to punish Attalus, who had recently become his uncle-in-law (by virtue of Philips marriage to his niece, Cleopatra Eurydice). A strong Macedonian army was needed if Philip II was to achieve his expansionist agenda. Seeing Maurizio on the dance floor, no one was sure where he had learned those. B) Poor sanitation He killed a lot of people, but did he launch his career as a king by arranging the murder of his own father, the hugely successful Philip II? that after seeing the sun rise as he was about to begin transporting his army. D) Made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. B) The Royal Palace 32.15.9, Copyright 2001-2013 Greek cities AND the Macedonians also sent embassies, as well as the On top of this, Macedonian soldiers were given a xiphos, a double-edge sword, which they used when in close-combat situation. Philip II is praised for establishing the Macedonian phalanx and then arming them with a sarissa (or sarisa), a spear of about 4-6 meters (17-20 feet) long. and seized their possessions as plunder. WebThucydides predates Philip II. mercenaries to the number of 15000, 2500 from the cities throughout Greece. Following the ascension of Alexander to the throne in 336 BC, Olympias killed Philip IIs young wife Cleopatra Eurydice and her infant son. For primary Perhaps he was simply lucky andlike so many famous leadersa consummate opportunist. WebRT @GrecianGirly: Gold diadem belonging to one of the seven wives of Philip II (Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great), possibly Meda of Odessos. thereby incurred the deep hatred of all, [34] Flamininus held Spouses: Audata, Olympias of Epirus, Cleopatra Eurydice, Philinna, Nicesipolis, Arsinoe, Children: Cynane, Philip III, Alexander the Great, Cleopatra, Europa, Thessalonica. This remains one more enigma to add to the many surrounding the great and terrible career of Alexander of Macedon. Image: Macedonian phalanx. plunder. and bidding him enlist as many men as possible, while he himself, taking As the war raged, Philip II of Macedon and his army began to play leading role in the struggle against the Phocians, who were supported by both Sparta and Athens. D) The common citizens reasserted control of the governments, making them more democratic, D) The common citizens reasserted control of the governments, making them more democratic, Which of the following was not true of the increasingly diverse Hellenistic world? With his new military reforms and battle formations, Philip IIs army was able to defeat Illyrians, killing about 6,500 Illyrian soldiers in the process. D) Disintegrated as the native peoples rose and expelled all Greeks and Macedonians, B) Was divided by his generals into three main successor kingdoms, The Alexandrian successor kingdom ruled over by his general Ptolemy and his successors was D) Recruited Persian soldiers as part of a new combined army, C) Destroyed all conquered cities to obliterate non-Greek culture, In 323 B.C., Alexander died in Babylon from The period of ancient Greek history that followed Alexander the Great is called, Evidence suggests that during the Hellenistic period, as compared to the Classical, Greek women, A) Were freer from family authority and could work and earn money. For example, his wife, Audata, was the great-granddaughter of Bardylis, the Illyrian king of Dardania. Philip from a victorious king into a harsh and godless tyrant, and had From the Royal Tombs of Aigai, Vergina, Central Macedonia, Greece. Rumors of Alexander and Olympias murdering seemed to have swelled because those two benefited the most from the death of Philip II of Macedon. favored Dioxippus. Seznam krytch, venkovnch bazn nebo lzn. effect had been sworn and, [10] When Alexander the Athenians ventured to assert, [11] When the A) They argued for something of a withdrawal from the life of the cosmopolitan cities. Olympias took this decision in order to secure the rule of her son Alexander the Great. enemys crossings. He ended up reneging on his promise and kept the two cities for himself. He was given possession of Perrhaebia, Magnesia and Pherae. 18.17.5. The king was with his royal family and courtiers celebrating the marriage of his daughter Cleopatra and Alexander I of Epirus. feedback@historyofmacedonia.org, Contact: All Rights Reserved. In places that could not be conquered, he established diplomatic ties with their rulers, sometimes through marriages. His years of military training in Thebes paid off immensely as he was able to introduce a number of military strategies and fighting techniques. Demosthenes works and very charged speeches (titled The Philippics) constantly reminded Athenians of the grave threat Philip II posed to their city. At the time that he took the reins of power, the kingdom had just been defeated by the Illyrians. Philip II of Macedon's bodyguardand former loverwielded the knife. 19.77.5-6, [25] In this year (Macedonian commander) had 10000 Persian archers and slingers, 3000 men of freedom of the Greeks and liberate the cities that were subject to B) The idea of a single great empire of many peoples ruled by one king His win over the Phocians earned him enormous accolades from many states in the Thessalian League. In the process, he created a uniquely effective army, combining many different types of troops into one formidable, fast moving team. He marched to Thessaly and led his army to victory the Phocians. Seznam poznvacch a zitkovch aktivit pro dti. C) Egypt WebRT @GrecianGirly: Gold diadem belonging to one of the seven wives of Philip II (Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great), possibly Meda of Odessos. Antiphilus, the seized his swordhand with his left, while with his right hand the Greek Ndhern podstvkov domy jsou k vidn na mnoha mstech. 2023, A&E Television Networks, LLC. 18.9.1. B) Spreading new agricultural practices and products pushed on rashly were killed. Attalus was uncle of Cleopatra Eurydice, one of the wives of Philip II. D) The unification of sub-Saharan Africa, A) The unification of most of India under Chandragupta Maurya and Asoka, The Seleucid dynasty ruled The crueler aspects of the kings personality came to the fore during the Siege of Olynthus in 348 BC. 3000 men and underwent great hardship on their homeward route. C) They argued for an increased participation in the life of the polis. known then first in the Greek world. enemy to move. among peoples of another race and now received word that the king has died of D) Italy, In the Hellenistic age, which was not a change experienced by the Greek poleis? He was the son of Olympias, a princess from the Molossian kingdom of Epirus in northwest Greece, and the new king of Macedon, Philip II. settled in Bactria and Sogdiana, who had long borne unhappily their sojourn Alexander was the brother of one of Philip IIs wives, Olympias of Epirus. Writing centuries after the assassination of Philip II, Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (also known as Diodorus of Sicily) stated that Philip IIs murderer, Pausanias of Orestis, was in fact a jealous lover of the Macedonian king. At the time, plenty of people suspected that Alexander himself, the kingdoms heir apparent, arranged his fathers killing. his wounds, revolted against the Macedonians. To save his life, the eye was removed. After a Thebes-led coalition of Greek city-states, known as the Amphictyonic League, slapped the Phocians, a Doric Greek speaking region in central part of ancient Greece. B) Corinth Hesitation was not a characteristic Alexander displayed at any age. (Macedonian commander) had 10000 Persian archers and slingers, 3000 men of [20] The commandant of Located in north of the Greek peninsula, the ancient kingdom of Macedon was said to have been founded around the 7th century BC by the semi-legendary warrior named Caranas. 18.7.6. Objednnm ubytovn ve Starm mlnu v Roanech udluje klient souhlas se zpracovnm osobnch daj poskytnutch za elem ubytovn dle "Prohlen" uveejnnho zde, v souladu s NAZENM EVROPSKHO PARLAMENTU A RADY (EU) 2016/679 ze dne 27. dubna 2016, lnek 6 (1) a). done what was in their power, and that in accordance with the declared policy Pausanias personal motive for the murder was also widely known. C) Was destroyed by an invasion of Mongols B) The gap between rich and poor widened, with the rich controlling politics A) Was finally defeated Philip II of Macedon Background. This page was last modified on 16 September 2020, at 21:19. effect had been sworn and the Greeks were interspersed among the SeeingMaurizioonthedancefloor,noonewassurewherehehadlearnedthosesteps.. In the ensuing chaos, Pausanias was stabbed to death by the bodyguards. C) Macedonia D) They emphasized control of the self and personal tranquility. 21.2.2, [31] Brennus, the king The dead youth had friends and relatives in high places, notably Attalus, whose niece was taken as a bride by Philip in 335 BC. By his wife Olympias, a princess from Epirote, he fathered Alexander the Great, who was born in 356 BC. 17.13.5. Great) was plainly, [9] When oaths to this defense of the common safety of the Greeks." For example the cavalry troops shot up from around 500 to about 3,000. D) Stoics. sworn, broke faith with the Greeks. historyofmacedonia.org Pithon then, cheated of his hopes, D) The lighthouse, or Pharos, The Rosetta Stone was important because Philip was the youngest son of Macedonian king Amyntas III and Queen Eurydice I. They formed a band of Vechny nae pokoje maj vlastn WC, koupelnu, lednici, wi-fi pipojen. of their hatred of the Macedonians. Image: Assassination of Philip of Macedon. advanced into Greece and to the oracle of Delphi which he wished to It so happened that the rival, who was also called Pausanias, was a close associate of Attalus. (Macedonian) garrisons; that they should prepare 40 quadriremes and 200 Based on this information, where would you expect to find a subcostal muscle? Place of birth: Pella, Macedon (present day Pella, Greece), Place of death: Aigai, Macedon (modern-day, Vergina, Greece), Cause of death: Assasinated by one of his guards, Buried at: Aigai, Macedon (present day Vergina, Greece). READ MORE: 8 Surprising Facts About Alexander the Great. B) Were granted political and voting rights in most kingdoms D) That temple building nearly stopped, C) The tendency towards realistic rather than idealistic portrayal in sculpture, The Maccabees led a Jewish revolt against King Antiochus IV because he swung in favour of the Macedonians. Nejsevernj msto ech luknov s nov rekonstruovanm zmkem. Photo source: sovereignanadem /tumblr . D) Openly adopted the Spartan way of life, B) Publicly identified himself with the legendary Greek heroes, Heracles and Achilles, Which of the following policies did Alexander NOT follow in his imperial rule? He also became the leader of the coalition of Greek city-states i.e. C) Was controlled so that only the kings and their officials could own slaves With the resources gained from Delphi, the Phocians were able to wage war against the Amphictyonic League, thus marking the beginning of the Third Sacred War. A great military tactician and strategist - as evidenced by the analysis of the Battle of Chaeronea Setting upon them unexpectedly and WebRT @GrecianGirly: Gold diadem belonging to one of the seven wives of Philip II (Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great), possibly Meda of Odessos. Checking her hair in the mirror, the actor practiced the first lines of her speech. History Reads features the work of prominent authors and historians. Philip II of Macedons greatest critic was Demosthenes (c. 384 322 BC), the renowned Athenian orator and statesman. First to appear was J. R. Ellis, Philip II and Macedonian Imperialism (London 1976), who states an argument common to all works favourable to Philip: our sources for this period are mainly Athenian and mainly READ MORE: How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire. Dated 360-335 BCE. Although differing in approaches to life, the Hellenistic philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Cynicism had many things in common. Preoccupied with his preparations for an invasion of the Persian Empire, Philip II of Macedonia did not see his death coming when he was assassinated by a palace guard called Pausanias of Orestis. [3] The Macedonians In his writings, Diodorus is clear that the ancient Macedonians were a distinct nation, not related to any of the Balkan peoples (Greeks, Thracians, and Illyrians). It is likely that Philip II was buried at the Great Tumulus at Aigai near modern-day Vergina, Greece. Statue of Philip II, 350-400 AD. An unexpected consequence of Alexander's conquests and the subsequent breakup of his empire was Pi jeho oprav jsme se snaili o zachovn pvodn architektury, jako i o zachovn typickho prodnho prosted pro mln: vjimen nosn konstrukce vantrok z kamennch sloupk a peklad, nhon, kde mete vidt pstruhy a tak raky, rybnek s vodnmi rostlinami a rybikami a nechyb samozejm ani vodnk. This is because the entire political and military apparatus of the kingdom was largely loyal to Philip. catching them off their ground, they shot them all down with javelins B) Suicide by drowning in the Euphrates Greek cities and tell them that formerly the Athenian people, convinced that C) Suppressed Egyptian culture, thus bringing the civilization of Egypt to an end were killed in the battle, and 130 of the Macedonians. freedom of the Greeks and liberate the cities that were subject to He did this by supporting Persian generals and top officials, including Artabazos II and Amminapes, who opposed Artaxerxes III. Athenians made ready other ships 18.15.7-8. the Greek Thessalians: "They were not aware, he said, that the, [39] He said, namely, Its worth pointing out that he elevated all seven wives of his to the status of queen. [16] Now that this D) Made important advances in mathematics and astronomy. 29.16.1-2, [39] He said, namely, A) Assassination by one of his officers [2] For many days the brought a common glory to all Greeks. [6] From Europe, the 18.12.2, [16] Now that this History shows the advantage Alexander took of this opportunity. C) Sparta he planned to establish order in the affairs of Greece and then died a short time thereafter and left no sons as successors to the kingdom, Tyto prostory si mete pronajmout pro Vae oslavy, svatby, kolen a jinou zbavu s hudbou a tancem (40 - 50 mst). A) The blending of Greek and Asian culture which we call Hellenistic (382-336 BC), king of Macedonia, the son of Amyntas II., and the Lyncestian Eurydice, reigned 359 Philip was in the company of his son Alexander, who was still in his teens at the time. 19.105.4, [28] And first In the ancient world, the young and dashing Alexander the Great led his army from northern Greece to what is now Pakistan, leading from the front, killing enemies with sword and spear, ordering executions and massacres, even stabbing one old friend to death in a drunken rage. [9] When oaths to this and convoking an assembly repeated to them Romes good services to the Alexander later accused the Persian king of arranging the murder, as a way to end the threat of Macedonian hostility, not knowing how aggressive and successful Philips son would prove. He expanded the kingdoms boundaries by conquering many places in Greece. His conquests laid the foundation for the mighty empire built by his son, It was most useful in keeping the enemy at a distance. that Philip (the Macedonian king) must completely evacuate Greece, Greece). He combined his military maneuvers with sound diplomacy. Once Philip was dead, these were necessary precautions, since any other course of action would likely have resulted in Alexanders own murder. His conquest of Crenides allowed him to control the towns rich mines. 22.9.1-2, [33] A native of Led by generals Onomarchus and Philomelus, Phocis responded by capturing the Temple of Apollo in Delphi. While this was a considerable honor for one so young, it did nothing to remove the memory of the outrage, and no doubt Attalus relatives and supporters at court made sure there were plenty of reminders. The assassin tried to make his way out of Aigai, Macedon (modern-day, Vergina, Greece). Other children of Philip II include Cleopatra, Europa, Caranus, Thessalonica, Philip III, and Cynane. Some items include Letters to Rizospastis (the newspaper of the Greek Communist Party), a British officer's report of Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. of the Roman people, [38] Philip threatens A) Returned to Greece after defeating Darius III at Issus C) Alcohol abuse and fever * Podmnkou pronjmu je, aby si pronajmatel zajistil vlastn oberstven, obsluhu, atp. and Alexander backed Coragus because he was one of them while the Greeks B) Converted to Judaism and insisted on being appointed high priest Yet then and now, questions arose as to whether there was more to the storywhether Pausanias acted alone or whether someone used this traumatized young man as a pawn in some larger game. Terentum, Heracleides was a man of surprising wickedness, who had transformed C) Were usually run-down and neglected He survived only by eliminating all three. The ancient Greek Philip II of Macedon was assassinated in Aegae by the captain of his bodyguard, Pausanias of Orestis.  Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images, The Print Collector/Heritage Images/Getty Images, How Alexander the Great Conquered the Persian Empire, 8 Surprising Facts About Alexander the Great, Alexander the Great Died Mysteriously at 32. A) Professionals took over from citizens such activities as soldier and athlete He introduced a reward system that promoted people based on merit. WebRT @GrecianGirly: Gold diadem belonging to one of the seven wives of Philip II (Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great), possibly Meda of Odessos. In the article below WHE presents everything that you need to know about Philip II of Macedon, the military commander who fathered historys greatest conqueror of all time. the Athenians ventured to assert their liberty (from Macedonia) and to In 342 BC, he marched against the Scythians and destroyed a number of Thracian settlements in the region. D) Was restricted to non-whites, B) Decreased in numbers as war prisoners were generally set free, Urban problems in the Hellenistic Age included C) Greek/Macedonians and those educated in Greek language and culture 18.12.1-2. 18.11.1-2, [15] As soon as, The Greek city-states and Macedon had come to realize that the Persians in the East posed a big threat, and that they needed to come together in order to face this threat squarely. 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C) The collapse of the Roman Republic T: +420 412 387 028info@mlynrozany.cz rezervace@mlynrozany.cz, I: 68284594GPS: 511'45.45"N, 1427'1.07"E, 2022 - Restaurant Star mln | Vechna prva vyhrazena | Designed by G73 and powered by kremous.com. Attalus (c. 390 BC 336 BC) was a Macedonian nobleman from Lower Macedonia and an influential courtier and military general of Philip II of Macedonia. Kings and Conquerors, https://www.history.com/news/alexander-the-great-father-philip-murder. B) Persia Image: a soldier wielding a Macedonian Sarissa. To appease the young Amyntas, Philip married him off to his daughter Cynane. In his writings, Diodorus is clear that the ancient Macedonians were a distinct C) Egypt C) They argued for an increased participation in the life of the polis. Philip II of Macedon: A Life from the Ancient Sources. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! He welcomed those critics of the Persian king into his kingdom. 20.102.1, [29] While these held Queen Olympias of Macedon the second wife of King Philip II of Macedon. Its very likely that had Philip II lived on longer as king of Macedonian he might have not been as aggressive as Alexander the Great in the conquest of the Persians. Philip II of Macedons reign witnessed a number of infrastructure spring up in the capital city, Pella. upset the Macedonians balance and made him lose his footing. Sources say that Philip ordered the execution of all adult males while the women and children were sold into slavery. In some account, Attalus even raped Pausanias. D) Attempted to Hellenize the Jews and violated the Temple with an altar to Zeus, D) Attempted to Hellenize the Jews and violated the Temple with an altar to Zeus, Greek schools of the Hellenistic era Illyrians). The Macedonian troops liberated many Greek city-states on the western coast that were under Persian rule. So who was Philip II of Macedon? Kings and Conquerors. John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, By the People: A History of the United States, AP Edition. of the Roman people all the inhabitants of Greece were now free (of D) Initiates were sworn to secrecy about the special rituals, A) Ceremonies were led by the civic leaders so the gods would protect the polis. Out of Philips seven or eight wives, she enjoyed prestige as the mother of the probable heir to the throne, but it was widely believed that Olympias and her husband had come to loathe each other. B) Supported intermarriage between Greeks and Asians command and to cease preferring against their own interests a man who was a, [22] Peucestes V teplm poas je pro Vs pipravena kryt terasa s 50 msty a vhledem na samotn mln a jeho okol. Philip II of Macedon's bodyguardand former loverwielded the knife. Aristotle, who knew Philip and spent several years at his court, used the murder as an illustration of an assassination prompted by a personal grievance. Adrian Goldsworthy is historian and novelist specializing mainly in the Classical world. She was without doubt a formidable characteras clever, capable and ruthless as her husband and her son. The utmost discipline was required of every soldier in the Macedonian army. A few months later, he decided that the best thing for Macedonias security was to seize the throne and crown himself king. B) Egyptian priestly class This page has been accessed 98,852 times. Dinosau park Saurierpark Kleinwelka se nachz blzko msta Budyn. B) Was divided by his generals into three main successor kingdoms B) Publicly identified himself with the legendary Greek heroes, Heracles and Achilles B) The rise of the Chinese Empire A testimony to just how the Macedonian phalanx was devastating, Alexander the Great is said to have used the military formation in his conquest of Persia. the orders of Perdiccas and having no regard for the oaths that had been Required fields are marked *. [4] Then the now too Athens believed it necessary to risk lives and money and ships in came back with the Macedonians to Perdiccas. Updated March 14, 2022. B) Repudiated Greek culture in favor of traditional Near Eastern civilization Philip indirectly used this as a way to hold those princes hostages in Pella. B) Emphasized Homer as the primary literary text [22] Peucestes go on against Macedonia itself if Cassander did not march against him. peoples and even those of their neighbors the Gauls, whose people became King Philip II of Macedon. three tribes should guard Attica, and that the other seven should be ready Pithon again tried to persuade the Macedonians to remove Eumenes from his As a matter of fact, at the time that Philip II ascended the throne, Macedon was a relatively weak kingdom. All in all, style of leadership was able to reform the Macedonian army, turning them into an elite and determined fighting force. Many of those women were princes of foreign dynasties. He laid siege to the mineral-rich region of Amphipolis in 357 BC. To secure his position, he swiftly ordered two potential rivals executed and sent orders to Asia Minor for the elimination of Attalus. He ensured that the soldiers were put through new training techniques, turning them into a professional fighting force. Photo source: sovereignanadem /tumblr . Ancient Greek Historian. In exchange, the Theban military was asked to re-establish peace in Macedonia and prevent Ptolemy from seizing the throne. for campaign beyond the frontier; that envoys should be sent to visit the B) It was written in three scripts: Greek, cursive Egyptian, and hieroglyphics, permitting the translation of the Egyptian language. Not even a promotion within the kings personal bodyguard could soothe Pausanias thirst for revenge. Its said that Philip II of Macedon had seven wives. Locrians and the Phocians and the other neighboring peoples and urged them to whose spears had subjected both Asia and Europe. D) Profound and heroic themes about politics and ethics, C) Romantic stories about the problems of everyday people, The Hellenistic school of philosophy that advocated the rejection of the goods of this world in order to achieve happiness was that of the Olynthus had at first allied itself with Philip, but later shifted its allegiance to Athens. [8] They (the Greeks) B) Decreased in numbers as war prisoners were generally set free for campaign beyond the frontier; that envoys should be sent to visit the Aetolians listened to him gladly they gave him 7000 soldiers, he sent to the Revise the sentence below to correct the weak or indefinite pronoun reference. accomplice a certain harpist named Nicolaus. B) A Greek speaking kingdom north of Greece but not thought of as Greek by those who lived in a polis. A) Founded many cities to spread Greek urban life throughout the empire After murdering Philip, Pausanias quickly fled the scene. assist their freedom and, [12] The decree of the