Indeed, in the 2018 UN report, UN officials told UN peacekeepers that it was time to fight back, stating: In the future, peacekeepers should be better prepared to fight back when threatened or initiate the use of force themselves. <> [39] Images taken from: N. Shachtman, Afghan Air War Hits 3-Year Low, WIRED, 16 January 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/01/afghan-air-war/, (accessed 1 May 2019); Operations and missions: past and present, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),25 April 2019, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52060.htm, (accessed 1 May 2019); L. Eptako, Then and Now: What Replaced the Toppled Saddam Statue?, PBS Newshour, 26 August 2010, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/saddam-statue, (accessed 1 May 2019); and B. In the event the violationdirectly and immediately endangers your life or the life of another person, you may use the amount of force necessary to prevent it. 236). Indeed, under the LOAC all Parties to a conflict and their forces must protect women from: (6) Any other form of sexual violence. If you violate any of the laws of war, even if you had orders to commit the act, you are personally responsible. [36], Article 4(3) of Additional Protocol II (APII) of 1977 listing the fundamental guarantees that must be given to all children within an intra-State, Non-International armed conflict.[37]. Once a combatant surrenders or becomes hors de combat (through sickness, wounds, shipwreck or capture), the degree of protection afforded to that person under the LOAC depends upon the legal status of the combatant. As Nicholson states: The combatants privilege has been described by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights as, in essence a licence to kill or wound enemy combatants and destroy other enemy military objectives. It therefore allows a combatant to use violence against people and property, providing that it is done in accordance with the laws of armed conflict. I said at once the Unnecessary War. There never was a war more easy to stop than that which has just wrecked what was left of the world from the previous struggle (Churchill, ibid., p. viii). 9-13, and 149.335: NZDF Code of Conduct Card in Section Two: Basic Principles of LOAC, NZDF Code of Conduct and Command Responsibility, p. 25, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. Because there is no statute of limitations on crimes against LOAC, If an individual is alleged to have committed a breach of the LOAC because of superior orders from a superior commanding officer, this may be considered in mitigation of punishment. cit. 7, 8). 0000090056 00000 n <> 0000003754 00000 n This law not only conserves your own supplies, but preserves facilities for future civilian use. Violence against women, for example, is frequently legitimised by arguments from culture, and yet is prohibited in IHL and other international law. This timidity has resulted not only in well-known humanitarian disasters in conflict theatres such as Rwanda and Bosnia, but in an actual failure by the UN and its representative military personnel to uphold International Humanitarian Law, as enshrined in the LOAC as well as CIL, as it applies to civilians under UN command and care not least Section 7 of the legal guidance given by the UN Secretariat to its own UN military personnel on International Humanitarian Law which states the following: Section 7 Treatment of civilians and persons hors de combat. Should they do so, they forfeit their legal protections and protected person status. 8.2.b.iii, 8.2.e.ii, and 8.2.e.iii of ICC Statute). [/DeviceN[/Black]/DeviceCMYK 79 0 R 81 0 R] Lewis, cited in Durham and O'Bryne, 2010. There needs to be more effort placed on ensuring urgency in political processes. Limit destruction only to that necessary to accomplish your mission. 7.2 The following acts against any of the persons mentions in section 7.1 are prohibited at any time and in any place: violence to life or physical integrity; murder as well as cruel treatment such as torture, mutilation or any form of corporal punishment; collective punishment; reprisals; the taking of hostages; rape; enforced prostitution; any form of sexual assault and humiliation and degrading treatment; enslavement; and pillage. [3], Serious violations of international humanitarian law are called war crimes. ], The LOAC protections given to civilians that guarantee humane treatment and forbid their being deliberately militarily targeted and attacked, is given not only to the civilian population within the power of a military armed force, e.g. 0000087742 00000 n Any usage herein of logos, representations of nations or military organisations is done for the sole purpose of historical representation and under fair use.The UTFN software, utfn.net and unitedtaskforce.net is the sole intellectual property of United Task Force (UNITAF) and it's IP rights holders, All rights are reserved. The Butcher of Bosnia, far left) drinks an alcoholic toast with Dutch UNPROFOR Commander, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Karremans (centre), at the main UN compound located at Potocari village within the Srebrenica Protected Area on 12 July 1995. H\TT16N@Th"X(j> fi~_. 0000012582 00000 n What, as defined by the DoD, is that part of international law that regulates the resort to armed force; the conduct of hostilities, and the protection of war victims in both international and non-international armed conflict; belligerent occupation; and the relationships between belligerent, neutral, and non-belligerent states? They also benefit from the fundamental guarantees protected by the conventions (GCIIV Common Art. dP_W e8M:lX5[KSrGK>{zmR8f_o1m x2}ouo[;{7y;NbAC?_>_Tw1cNfnw:2DH72'dlx9%dRZDB#@ 1 =R",@Z`4:0J0F0l`ddE!4A$ 0.2\ioJPYQo@04:00``xZqzO1>chfph Cj [35] Countries that have signed the UN Convention Against Torture have committed themselves not to use torture on anyone for any reason. [74], WE NEED PROTECTION HERE! Civilian survivors of an armed attack on a UN camp for internally displaced people in Malakal, South Sudan, protest the lack of robust UN protection provided to them by UN troops guarding the camp. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to state that excessive timidity and restraint has been the general rule and trend among UN personnel operating on behalf of the UN in UN operations over many decades. The third 1949 Geneva Convention also classifies other categories of persons who have the right to POW status or may be treated as POWs. (9) Captured persons who pose a threat to the Force or to law and order, who cannot be dealt with by the ordinary criminal justice system. [63] Churchill, Memoirs of the Second World War An abridgement of the six volumes of The Second World War, op. REFERENCESUNITAF Standard Operating procedures (SOP) are adapted primarly from US Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). 0000076315 00000 n Therefore, internment is a security measure, and cannot be used as a form of punishment. 0000091315 00000 n In particular, they are protected against murder, torture, as well as cruel, humiliating or degrading treatment. study finds peacekeepers avoid using force to protect civilians, Reuters.com, 16 May 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/16/us-un-peacekeepers-civilians-idUSBREA4F0M220140516 (accessed 17 May 2014). endobj Spies and terrorists are only protected by the laws of war if the "power" which holds them is in a state of armed conflict or war, and until they are found to be an "unlawful combatant". The League of Nations, battered though it had been, was still an august instrument which would have invested any challenge to the new Hitler war-menace with the sanctions of International Law. [49] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected persons under LOAC, in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. Be protected from rape, or any form of indecent assault; If arrested, detained or interned for any reason related to armed conflict, be held in quarters separate from adults, except where families are accommodated as a unit; If arrested, detained or interned for any reason related to armed conflict, be given the special treatment due to children, in particular additional food in proportion to their needs; If captured or taken as PW; remain entitled to the special protection due to them as children; Be allowed, wherever possible, to maintain contact with the families through regular correspondence and visits; Not be compelled to work by or for an occupying power; Not be used to take a direct part in hostilities, Not be compulsorily recruited into the armed forces; and must. The nationality requirement in Article 4 of Geneva Convention IV should therefore be ascertained within the context of the object and purpose of humanitarian law, which is directed to the protection of civilians to the maximum extent possible (para. Some examples of prohibited acts include: murder; mutilation, cruel treatment and torture; taking of hostages; intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population; intentionally. 0000090436 00000 n Medical personnel: Rule 25 of the customary IHL study provides that medical personnel exclusively assigned to medical duties must be respected and protected in all circumstances. hu&ld1Z _m=RwX#p1eqOc=x-pt)!"B9_/J6eu[)fKgAkScE&ZsTcs{"= endstream endobj 150 0 obj<>stream Actively lethal combatant killings of civilian men, women and children in campaigns of Genocide, Crimes Against Civilian Humanity, and Acts of Aggression around the world today, that are manifestly unlawful under the LOAC. cit. If they use their weapons upon landing, they lose their protection status and are considered combatants. All answers are correct. H\S@`{PxsXOK"=bx qq?|Qqp'6`@ ~"zKtFpl p^ 3#D! Civilians who participate directly in hostilities, and thereby change their legal status from non-combatant to combatant, lose all LOAC legal protection against military attack given to civilian non-combatants, for as long as the persons are combatants taking a direct part in the hostilities.[20]. [38] Derbyshire, Section Four: When and to Whom Does LOAC Apply, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. Conclusion: Reminders and Reaffirmations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, part 2. Civilian status in occupied territories is defined and protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention (Arts. 0000089023 00000 n Those detained for participation in hostilities are not immune from criminal prosecution under the applicable domestic law for having done so. [53] Derbyshire, 149.335 Protected persons under LOAC, in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, pp. 52 0 obj 27141, which include the regulations applicable to internees). 0000008945 00000 n As outlined in #24 Laws of War Brief (Part 1): The Law of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law, the LOAC is comprised of international laws such as the Geneva Conventions, which, once ratified by individual Nation States, proscribe powerful and unequivocal obligations and duties on all individual members of the Nation States armed forces during any and every military conflict. hb```E,B aBn88,$ aAr*|w-ar75330Um)i YjB30M,2 C [75]. Basis of protection for civilians; forbids inflicting suffering, injury . Set bread and water before them, that they may eat and drink and go to their master. [44] Common Article 3 of the GCs prohibits violence to life and person (including cruel treatment and torture), the taking of hostages, humiliating and degrading treatment, and execution without regular trial against non-combatants, including persons hors de combat (wounded, sick and shipwrecked). This possibility is extended to other relief organizations. G^qf|.b?Wp*~d44V^e.aynumXc,~r)k hY+4\YeH{(59BB'5:GH.H00&OkOk@u However, the judges considered that in order to retain the relevance and effectiveness of the norms of the Geneva Conventions, it was necessary to interpret the law in a way that enables humanitarian conventions to serve their protective goals (para. [53], Articles 13 &17 of Additional Protocol II (APII) of 1977 outlining the laws of war that protect the civilian population within an intra-State, Non-International armed conflict. It is a serious breach of the laws of war when soldiers use these signs to protect or hide military activities. (6) May be tried before a fair and regular trial for breaches of LOAC and other international crimes. International humanitarian law is inspired by considerations of humanity and the mitigation of human suffering. [20] The first Caliph, Abu Bakr, proclaimed, "Do not mutilate. 266). 1 Genocide & Crimes Against Civilian Humanity. 0000007626 00000 n In cases such as these, captured personnel may instead be detained as unlawful combatant detainees and afforded far less rights, protections and privileges as lawful combatant PWs.[45]. 0000090809 00000 n All soldiers have a duty to prevent violations of LOAC. You will be briefed on the ROE which will apply to you. There are also other customary unwritten rules of war, many of which were explored at the Nuremberg trials. The Statute of a permanent International Criminal Court (ICC) was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002. %PDF-1.5 % (1K"P@q o&O2~gtkd(eadfTP*b(adzi<820 iw} endstream endobj 131 0 obj<> endobj 132 0 obj<> endobj 134 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 136 0 obj<> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj<> endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<> endobj 144 0 obj<> endobj 145 0 obj<> endobj 146 0 obj<> endobj 147 0 obj<> endobj 148 0 obj<>stream This admonition applied equally to personnel participating in traditional UN peacekeeping operations, where according to the report the blue helmet and the United Nations flag no longer offer natural protection for non-combatant UN forces, as to those engaged in Chapter VII Peace Enforcement operations such as the offensive or counter-terrorist operations against hostile armed groups currently taking place in the Congo and Mali. It is designed to balance humanitarian concerns and military necessity, and subjects warfare to the rule of law by limiting its destructive effect and alleviating human suffering. (M#vzBiPjsTc]c _NZWS4O0$ %j#r4Z+'f1_a5[#{dBYIYVV,U4K-(U*v2\/cm5 ;.N ^2e+cxo$mL,av83S| & Uss?BDkv\^Aa(/ \y2$ +(Ore~99r>rEs5s5 TZfx^}uV\U\&%8>:48sIi\` 0 endstream endobj 151 0 obj<>stream 75); civilians who find themselves in the hands of a party to a conflict or an occupying power of which they are not nationals benefit from the status of protected persons (GCIV Art. The League of Nations, battered though it had been, was still an august instrument which would have invested any challenge to the new Hitler war-menace with the sanctions of International Law. Complaints have also been made with regard to UN soldiers operating within UN missions in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA in the CAR) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO in the DRC). On Britain: We must regard as deeply blameworthy before history the conduct not only of the British National and mainly Conservative Governments, but of the Labour-Socialist and Liberal Parties, both in and out of office, during this fatal period. 0000004482 00000 n %PDF-1.6 % Although the modern codification of IHL in the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols is relatively new, and European in name, the core concepts are not new, and laws relating to warfare can be found in all cultures. In July 2016, for instance, the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) came under fire for showing a chaotic and ineffective response to armed clashes between government and rebel forces in the capital, Juba. Vol. 149.335: Objects and places specially protected under LOAC in Section Six: Objects and Places Specially Protected Under LOAC and Targeting, p. 12, There never was a war more easy to stop than that which has just wrecked what was left of the world from the previous struggle. When speaking of the rights of combatants, it is absolutely necessary to recognise the basic duality inherent in being a combatant within an armed conflict: the basic fact that while all combatants taking an active, direct part in armed hostilities within a conflict may indeed lawfully engage, attack and kill other active combatants in an armed conflict, provided they do so according to the laws of war, they may also likewise be legitimately engaged, attacked and killed as combatants themselves in the conflict (red-on-red engagement) until and unless they surrender, become hors de combat, or are protected by a truce or ceasefire agreement (as outlined above with regard to Enemy combatant forces too). The first three Geneva Conventions were revised, expanded, and replaced, and the fourth one was added, in 1949. Nonetheless, there remains an urgent need to further develop constructions of gender within international humanitarian law.[56]. [43], Women must be protected from rape, forced prostitution and from any form of indecent assault. On the other hand, the strict enforcement at any time till 1934 of the disarmament clauses of the Peace Treaty would have guarded indefinitely, without violence or bloodshed, the peace and safety of mankind. Recognising the need for UN forces to rise to the occasion in confronting this new dangerous reality, the UN report chastised countries contributing forces to UN operations whose forces were not performing adequately with regard to their use of legitimate and lawful lethal force when necessary, stating: They must perform. trailer [10] The term civilian population includes all persons who are civilians (even if within that population there are some individuals who do not qualify as civilian). It is important to understand hostile intent. The special protection does not apply to personnel engaged in UN enforcement actions under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, in which any of the personnel are engaged as combatants against organised armed forces to which LOAC applies. All children are entitled to special protection under the LOAC and must: Vulnerable Victims: On 13 July 1995, 23,000 war refugees at the Srebrenica UN Safe Zone mostly women, children and the elderly were expelled by Bosnian Serb forces and compelled to walk 150 km on foot to the nearest UN refugee camp in Tuzla. [81] Modified images taken from: Mali: 10 UN peacekeepers killed in attack on Aguelhok base, The Defense Post, 20 January 2019, https://thedefensepost.com/2019/01/20/mali-8-un-peacekeepers-killed-aguelhok/, (accessed 2 May 2019); S. Daniel, UN peackeepers to take over from African soldiers in Mali, Mail & Guardian Africas Best Read, 29 June 2013, https://mg.co.za/article/2013-06-29-un-soldiers-to-take-over-from-african-troops-in-mali, (accessed 2 May 2019); and Delays in implementing Mali peace deal mean gains for terrorists UN peacekeeping chief, UN News, 5 April 2016, https://news.un.org/en/story/2016/04/526062, (accessed 2 May 2019). Those female civilians who took up arms and thereby participated directly in hostilities during the recent conflict there, lost their legal protections as non-combatant civilians under the LOAC, and could hence be lawfully targeted and attacked militarily as combatants for the period of time in which they were taking a direct part in the hostilities by using weapons to target, attack and kill. 0000087382 00000 n cit., pp. At the same time, the involvement during the Crimean War of a number of such individuals as Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the Battle of Solferino, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims. 0000001176 00000 n (See UN Charter, Chapter VII, Articles 41-42, 43 & 45) [108], More recently, another UN report released in January 2018, and prepared on request of the UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, revealed that between the years 2011-2017 there was a pronounced unwillingness to use force among UN forces on UN operations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, 209376. In such cases, it is important to ensure that IHL is not negatively affected. [56] APII, Art 14-16, text snapshot (underlining added) taken from Treaties, States Parties and Commentaries: Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977, International Committee of the Red Cross, op. [107] Modified image taken from History The Fine Print of Never Again the Drafting of the UN Genocide Convention, University of Waterloo, 2013, https://uwaterloo.ca/history/events/un-genocide-convention, (accessed 23 March 2021). <>stream Nothing was reaped except ill-will. Protect the most vulnerable: civilians, wounded, CPERS and health-care workers. The International Criminal Tribunals considered the definitions of the categories of people protected by the four Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols. 0000076384 00000 n The fourth 1949 Geneva Convention and Additional Protocol I also provide extensive protection for civilian internees during international armed conflicts. 0000090988 00000 n [67] According to an internal investigation, the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan had failed to achieve its own mandate during the armed hostilities to protect civilians under threat of physical violencewith specific protection for women and children. [68] To make matters worse, in February 2017 UN troops again failed to protect a Protection of Civilians compound for internally displaced people in the South Sudanese town of Malakal from an attack by armed gunmen. Attacks shall be directed solely against, the prohibition on deliberately attacking non-combatants; and, The Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (1997), also called the, This page was last edited on 22 March 2023, at 23:10. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Dunant wrote a book, which he titled A Memory of Solferino, in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. Muslim countries use the Red Crescent. Absorbed in their own affairs and all the abounding interests, activities, and accidents of a free community, they simply gaped at the vast changes which were taking place in Europe, and imagined they were no concern of theirs. [citation needed]. 0000003641 00000 n 4). [39] The principle of distinction has also been found by the ICRC to be reflected in state practice; it is therefore an established norm of customary international law in both international and non-international armed conflicts. After a conflict has ended, persons who have committed any breach of the laws of war, and especially atrocities, may be held individually accountable for war crimes through process of law. Were committed under the commanders effective control where. 0000089523 00000 n [18] [See Article 50 of Additional Protocol I. [2] Modified image taken from J. Stocker, US service members killed in Afghanistan operation, The Defense Post, 22 March 2019, https://thedefensepost.com/2019/03/22/us-service-members-killed-afghanistan/, (accessed 2 May 2019). endobj Common Article 3 to the four Geneva Conventions establishes a less comprehensive set of minimum guarantees applicable at all times to all persons. [69], Complaints have also been made with regard to UN soldiers operating within UN missions in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA in the CAR) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO in the DRC). Do not slaughter livestock except for food. cit., p. 52. 9-10, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, ibid. ; and Ratko Mladic Conviction Caps Decades of Grief Over Srebrenica Massacre [photo slideshow], op. 0000091496 00000 n 23, API Arts. . Thus the final safeguard of a long peace was cast away. endobj 11-13). The Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) is a source of significant legal authority for and restriction on a wide range of U.S. military activities. However, some countries use different distinctive emblems to designate their medical service personnel and facilities. 48 0 obj [98], An individual accused of breaching the LOAC may plead self-defence, defence of another and/or defence of property, however, where the act in question constituted a reasonable, necessary and proportionate reaction to an attack, if the individual performed the act (a) in order to defend himself/herself or another person from unlawful attack; or (b) in order to defend or protect property from imminent and unlawful attack in cases where either the property was essential for the survival of the individual or the other person, or essential for the accomplishment of the military mission. The risk of this categorization is that certain individuals may not receive adequate protection if the actors in a conflict do not recognize them as belonging to one of the categories of protected persons. HVnGWQ>h'*0@/AN8 T=zagY$,sCHkk$\~be,!Y%-5g|\L5j}Y[ ](r}z~|pr.%j9H_ hbbd``b`$^ BDLAH British Soldiers cordon off a bombed-out area deemed unsafe for civilian passage. Military personnel, civilians and contractors authorized to accompany the armed forces in combat who do not follow the LOAC when planning and executing combat operations may be held criminally liable for war crimes and court-martialed under the UCMJ The five LOAC principles that govern armed conflict do not include retaliation <<0ECAF59DD11DB2110A00FEF600B397FF>]/Prev 369939>> [8] Modified images taken from D. Sim, Srebrenica Massacre: Anniversary of 1995 Genocide Carried Out by Serb Forces During Bosnian War, International Business Times, 10 July 2014, http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/srebrenica-massacre-anniversary-1995-genocide-carried-out-by-serb-forces-during-bosnian-war-1456177, (accessed 29 January 2018); Kaznom Za Zloine Pravdom Za rtve, Tano.net, 27 June 2017, http://www.tacno.net/banja-luka/kaznom-za-zlocine-pravdom-za-zrtve/, (accessed 14 September 2017); and Ratko Mladic Conviction Caps Decades of Grief Over Srebrenica Massacre [photo slideshow], NBC News, 23 November 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/slideshow/ratko-mladic-conviction-caps-decades-grief-over-srebrenica-massacre-n823311, (accessed 29 January 2018). `z[_pX -@ If there is any doubt as to whether an individual is or is not taking a direct part in hostilities, military personnel should err on the side of caution, and continue to give the individual the legal protection of a non-combatant civilian until such time as combatant status or activity can be confirmed with appropriate supporting evidence. [16], Importantly, under LOAC, there is a clear distinction made between civilian deaths resulting from direct and deliberate attacks targeting the civilian population on the one hand, and on the other hand, accidental, incidental loss of civilian life which results as an unintended consequence of a lawful military attack against a legitimate military target (collateral damage).[17]. 12-13, Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, p. 2, and 149.335 Protected Persons Under LOAC in Section Seven: Civilians and Other Persons Specially Protected by the LOAC, p. 14, 149.335 Law of Armed Conflict, op. The key aspects of the Laws of Armed Conflict help discern how soldiers can accomplish their mission whilst adhering to the Laws of Land warfare. Learn how your comment data is processed. [93], Two UN soldiers deployed to the UNs MONUSCO multinational security operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. [13], Fritz Munch sums up historical military practice before 1800: "The essential points seem to be these: In battle and in towns taken by force, combatants and non-combatants were killed and property was destroyed or looted. endstream [7] Modified image taken from P. Gourevitch, After the Genocide, The New Yorker [Magazine], 18 December 1995, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1995/12/18/after-the-genocide, (accessed 14 September 2017). 3; APII Arts. A crime against the LOAC, through non-adherence to the laws governing the rules, means, methods, or protection of persons and objects within a conflict, is considered a war crime. 49 0 obj 0000001706 00000 n [22] [See Articles 3, 16, 24, 26, 27, 31, 33, 34, 40, 51 in Geneva Convention IV Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of August 12, 1949. 0000091133 00000 n The 1977 Additional Protocols, relating to the protection of victims in both international and internal conflict, not only incorporated aspects of both the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva, but also important human rights provisions.[31]. establishes rules relating to the means and methods of warfare; and examines the issue of military objectives. "Fritz Munch, History of the Laws of War, in: R. Bernhardt (ed. 0000090150 00000 n They lived from hand to mouth and from day to day, and from one election to another, until, when scarcely twenty years were out, the dread signal of the Second World War was given, and we must write of the sons of those who had fought and died so faithfully and so well: Shoulder to aching shoulder, side by side/They trudged away from lifes broad wealds of light (Churchill, ibid., p. 13). The Fourth Geneva Convention focuses on the civilian population.